An Israeli soldier inspecting a shiptment of wheat at the Karni crossing before it can be tranferred into the Gaza Strip.
Numerous reports by
the World Bank and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development,
amongst others, detail the need to lift restrictions on the movement of goods
and people placed by Israel on the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT) (for
references, see end of document). All indicators show that these obstacles are
stifling the Palestinian economy, with trade and labor flows being the chief
casualties, resulting in widespread poverty and dependence on humanitarian aid.
Poverty afflicted
30.8% of Palestinian households in 2006, with 18.5% in deep poverty. At the
same time, the number of checkpoints and other barriers in the West Bank doubled
in 2006 as compared to 2005, reaching 541 in July 2007, with a further 524 “flying”
(mobile and irregular) checkpoints. The Gaza Strip has been under blockade since
June 2006, when an Israeli soldier was abducted, and even more so since the
Hamas takeover of June 2007. Exports from the West Bank
declined by some 16% in 2006, and trade has almost completely been halted in
the Gaza Strip. The Palestinian gross domestic product (GDP) contracted by 4.2%
in the first quarter of 2007, after a shrinking by over 8% in 2006. Donors paid
a record USD 1.4 billion in the same to the OPT. There is a correlation in
these figures. This is an expensive solution for the international community
that donates aid, an unsustainable one in the medium and long term (though the
crisis is indeed already “prolonged” in the words of the UN Relief and Works
Agency), and is moreover anomalous, since historically the OPT have not been a
recipient of humanitarian aid. In this policy statement, the Alternative Information
Center contends that these
distortions can only be rectified under full Palestinian sovereignty.
Every time an
international actor succeeds in pressuring Israel to ease some of the measures
of closure, such as when Condoleeza Rice, Javier Solana and James Wolfensohn
brokered the Agreement on Movement and Access in November 2005, the UN Office
for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs soon after reports that Israel has
violated the agreement and reimposed the blockade. The siege of Gaza and its
disastrous humanitarian consequences are a case in point (poverty there being
twice the rate of what it is in the West Bank), claims of Israeli withdrawal
and hence “disengagement” notwithstanding. There is no use, repeats the World
Bank, in planning Palestinian economic development under these conditions. The procedure
of demanding freer movement recommences, only to be ignored again. There is a
flaw in this course of action: even if Israel
were to open all the safe passages and points of access for Palestinian goods,
as is required in binding agreements, the Palestinian economy would still be
limited by Israel.
It would be limited not only by the uncertainty caused by Israel’s continued
capacity to unilaterally impose closure (which causes investment flight), and
to do so without suffering any adverse effects in terms of economic loss or
international censure (since the international community has shown itself to be
rather forgiving of Israeli breaches of contract), but also limited by the very
terms of the binding agreements. First amongst these agreements is the Paris
Protocol of 1995.
During the
negotiations that led to the formulation of the Protocol, the team of
Palestinian economists pushed for the signing of a free trade agreement between
Israel and the OPT. Israel demanded a customs union and the Palestinian
negotiators reluctantly agreed to this in exchange for the guarantee of free
movement of workers from the OPT to Israel. Many Palestinian economists
preferred a free trade agreement, considered a looser type of arrangement than
a customs union. According to the latter, not only are goods traded freely between
the two entities, but also trade policy towards third parties is harmonized. In
contrast to this, in a free trade agreement each signatory can lay down
independent policy with its own trading partners. The autonomy to set one’s own
economic policy is the marker of a sovereignty that the Palestinians never had.
Israel’s objections
to the free trade agreement concerned the possibility that certain goods could
seep into the Israeli market via Palestinian trade with other countries, thus
by-passing the barriers Israel set up to protect its economy from cheap
imports. Israeli tariffs and customs policies therefore also had to apply to
Palestinian imports, identified at Israeli borders, where the custom duties are
collected and then transferred to the Palestinian Authority. (This happens,
however, only when the Israeli government deems the Palestinians worthy of this
service: the monies were withheld during the Second Intifada and during Hamas’
period in government.) The underlying problem that makes a free trade agreement
unviable is the absence of an international border between Israel and the OPT.
If a border existed, nothing could seep into the other’s market to cause chaos
in the import tariff régime. Yet a border is an element of sovereignty that is
not granted the Palestinians. Instead of a border, they get closure.
It is important to
note that a free trade agreement is not the only alternative to the Paris Protocol.
Any agreement that weighs the interests of both sides and gives equal
representation to both sides, including a customs-union managed and operated by
a joint Israeli and Palestinian committee, is a preferable agreement to an
agreement that has been unilaterally enforced and which only one side is forced
to abide by.
The Paris Protocol has
adverse repercussions for the development of the Palestinian economy. For
instance, certain Arab and Muslim countries do not have diplomatic or trade relations
with Israel as they object
to Israel’s
occupation, yet these same countries might offer preferential trade terms to
the Palestinians in a gesture of solidarity for a commodity such as petrol.
Some goods in certain quantities, specified in lists A1, A2 and B of the Paris
Protocol, are permitted to be imported to the OPT from Arab and Muslim
countries (predominantly from Jordan and Egypt, which have signed peace
agreements with Israel), despite Israel’s own restrictions on trade with these
countries. These products consist mostly of food stuff, which is culturally
specific and therefore does not overlap much with patterns of consumption in
the Israeli market. Other materials that are permissible to import in certain
quantities from Arab or Muslim producers include aluminum (used in
construction), some petroleum derivatives, and other construction material, but
significantly not gasoline, or motor vehicles older than three years. The
building of infrastructure was indeed a priority project of the Palestinian
Authority in the 1990s, set to redress the infrastructure gap inherited from
years of Israeli neglect. Private housing construction is an important family investment
in the context of a growing Palestinian population.
However, neither
food imports nor private construction contribute to the productive base of the economy.
The development of the Palestinian
Territories has always
been seen as predicated on an open trade régime. Poor in natural resources but
endowed with an educated and entrepreneurial workforce, all plans for
development in the OPT envisaged the import of raw input material or
semi-finished products and the export of commodities with high added value. The
customs union with Israel,
a developed economy with very different needs, belies this plan, despite the
provisions in lists A1, A2 and B, which are in any case inadequate. In view of
this, the supposed advantages Palestinian trade gained in terms of free trade
agreements with the US
and European countries, thanks to provisos of the Paris Protocol, are of little
importance. The US and Europe are not the
sources of cheap raw material, but of expensive commodities and agricultural
products whose production is subsidized domestically and therefore difficult to
compete with.
The idea of free
trade as the economic remedy for Palestinian underdevelopment is related to a
doctrine popular in the 1990s, whereby free trade would bring prosperity and
peace to the region. The formation of a Palestinian state was viewed as a means
to break the Arab and Muslim countries’ boycott of Israel,
since the latter could not withhold recognition of Israel
if Palestine
were “free” on terms that the Palestine Liberation Organization itself accepted.
The benefits this would supposedly bring the regional economy were called “peace
dividends.” The whole idea was based on shaky foundations, but it nevertheless
informed plans for the OPT, whose economists continue to advocate free trade. However,
they do not have the power to put the idea to the test. To do this, Palestine must be a
sovereign state in all senses.
Another important
aspect of sovereignty, the lack of which is hampering Palestinian trade, is
representation in the World Trade Organization (WTO). Israel is represented in the organization, and
the current customs union means that any decision taken by Israel also
affects the Palestinians, who have no influence over the Israeli delegation to
the WTO. This has far-reaching effects on the Palestinian economy, and
agreements approved by the WTO are expected to bind a future Palestinian state.
All of this seems
rather theoretical in a situation of closure unilaterally imposed by Israel on the OPT.
One must therefore conclude that Israel is not interested in the
supposed “peace dividends” associated with free trade based on the sovereign
economic policy of all parties. Israel
evidently has other plans, most obvious of which are territorial expansionism
and control of the population, both incompatible with Palestinian sovereignty. International
aid donors, who are paying to keep a humanitarian catastrophe at bay while
Israel pursues its other plans, and international political actors whose
efforts to bring a modicum of normalcy to Palestinian trade conditions are
constantly being snubbed, should, however, be very interested in Palestinian
sovereignty.
The Alternative Information Center’s
Policy Recommendations:
1)
Give the Palestinians membership in the WTO,
as opposed to the limited observer status they hold at present.
2)
Until a new economic agreement is signed by
mutual agreement, the Paris Protocol must be respected and Israel held accountable, allowing free movement
of Palestinian workers into Israel
and the immediate transfer of all funds owed to the Palestinian Authority by Israel.
3)
Negotiations for a new economic agreement
should begin immediately. These negotiations must be conducted on equal footing
between Israelis and Palestinians, and their implementation must be supervised
by an impartial third party.
4)
The future agreement must allow
Palestinians to conduct trade on terms they see fit without restrictions on
provenance, type of commodity or quantity, other than what is bilaterally
agreed upon between the trading partners.
5)
Import duties and tariffs should be
collected by Palestinian customs officers and not channeled through Israel.
Online Sources:
World Bank
“Economic Monitoring Report” of 24 September 2007 (accessed 30 September 2007):
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/MENAEXT/WESTBANKGAZAEXTN/0,,menuPK:294370~pagePK:141159~piPK:141110~theSitePK:294365,00.html
UN Trade and
Development Conference “Macroeconomic, Trade and Labour Policy Framework” of 26
January 2007 (accessed 30 September 2007):
http://r0.unctad.org/palestine/publications.htm
UN Office for the
Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs “Movement and Access Reports” and “Humanitarian
Notes” of 3 October 2007 (accessed 7 October 2007):
http://ochaonline2.un.org/Default.aspx?alias=ochaonline2.un.org/oPt
UN Relief and Works
Agency “Recent socio-economic impact of prolonged crisis in the oPt” of 22
November 2006 (accessed 7 October 2007): http://www.un.org/unrwa/news/releases/pr-2006.html
Palestinian Central
Bureau of Statistics “Poverty in the Palestinian
Territories” of August
2007 (accessed 7 October 2007—only on Microsoft Internet Explorer): http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/DesktopModules/books/booksView.aspx?tabID=0&lang=en&ItemID=1&mid=11239
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